Global MS Research Library

The following are some publications that may provide clues about what causes MS surrounding various aspects of the disease. Use the search bar to find keywords you’re interested in, or scroll through the references and read the titles of the articles. If you need help accessing any of the articles or information on our website, please send us your request. Our research library is growing, so please check back for updates regularly. If you have any research to contribute and would like it to be added to our library, please contact us to submit your article and we will add the reference to our collection. (*Please submit references in APA format.)

We’ve only just begun posting educational materials on our website, and we welcome your feedback and contributions. We highly support collaboration because by opening worldwide communication channels from different fields of research, we will be able to efficiently share our findings with each other and work towards unraveling the cause and cure for MS. Thank you for your support and happy reading!

Achiron, A., Miron, G., Zilkha-Falb, R., Magalashvili, D., Dolev, M., Stern, Y., & Gurevich, M. (2016). Host cell virus entry mechanisms enhance anti-JCV-antibody switch in natalizumab-treated multiple sclerosis patients. Journal of Neurovirology, 22(6), 736-746. doi:10.1007/s13365-016-0445-4

Adak, A., & Khan, M.R. (2019).  An insight into gut microbiota and its functionalities. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences, 76(3), 473-493. Epub 2018 Oct 13. PMID: 30317530. doi:10.1007/s00018-018-2943-4

Alcina, A., Abad-Grau, M.M., Fedetz, M., Izquierdo, G., Lucas, M., Fernández, O., N’dagire, D., Catalá-Rabasa, A., Ruiz, A., Gayán, J., Delgado, C., Arnal, C., & Matesanz, F. ( 2012).  Multiple sclerosis risk variant HLADRB1*1501 associates with high expression of DRB1 gene in different human populations. PLos One, 7(1), e29819. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0029819

Allison, D.B., Shiffrin, R.M., & Stodden, V. (2018). Reproducibility of research: Issues and proposed remedies. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115(11), 2561-2562. doi:10.1073/pnas.1802324115

Angelini, D.F., Serafini, B., Piras, E., Severa, M., Coccia, E.M., Rosicarelli, B., & Battistini, L. (2013). Increased CD8+ T cell response to Epstein-Barr virus lytic antigens in the active phase of multiple sclerosis. PLos Pathogens, 9(4), 1-16. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1003220

Anthony, W., & Gidugu, V. (2012). Systematic review of the effects of exercise and physical activity on psychological and quality of life outcomes for individuals with multiple sclerosis, 1996-2011. Boston: Boston University, Sargent College, Center for Psychiatric Rehabilitationhttp://www.bu.edu/drrk/research-syntheses/multiple-sclerosis/effects-of-exercise/

Antony, J.M., van Marle, G., Opii, W., Butterfield, D.A., Mallet, F., Yong, V.W., & Power, C. (2004). Human endogenous retrovirus glycoprotein-mediated induction of redox reactants causes oligodendrocyte death and demyelination. Nature Neuroscience, 7(10), 1088-1095. doi:10.1038/nn1319

Arai, N., Seki, E., Kojima, R., & Eguchi, H. (2019). Stainings of nerve tissues: Core curriculum of neuropathology. Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science.   https://pathologycenter.jp/crrinpa/crrinpa10.html

Ascherio. A. (2013). Environmental factors in multiple sclerosis. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 13(sup2), 3-9. doi:10.1586/14737175.2013.865866. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24289836

Badihian, S., Manouchehri, N., & Badihian, N. (2017). More evidence is needed to show any role of cytomegalovisrus and varicella zoster virus in pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. Journal Of Neuroimmunology, 313123-124. doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2017.09.006 

Banki, K., Colombo, E.,  Sia, F., Halladay, D., Mattson, D., Tatum, A., Massa, P., Phillips, P., and Perl, A. (1994).  Oligodendrocyte-specific expression and autoantigenicity of transaldolase in multiple sclerosis. The Journal of Experimental Medicine180(5), 1649-1663. doi:10.1084/jem.180.5.1649

Barry, A., Cronin, O., Ryan, A. M., Sweeney, B., Yap, S. M., O'Toole, O., & Downer, E. J. (2016). Impact of Exercise on Innate Immunity in Multiple Sclerosis Progression and Symptomatology. Frontiers in physiology, 7(194). doi:10.3389/fphys.2016.00194

Bermejo-Jambrina, M., Eder, J., Helgers, L. C., Hertoghs, N., Nijmeijer, B. M., Stunnenberg, M., & Geijtenbeek, T. (2018). C-Type Lectin Receptors in Antiviral Immunity and Viral Escape. Frontiers in immunology9, 590. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2018.00590

Borkosky, S.S., Whitley, C., Kopp-Schneider, A., zur Hausen, H., deVilliers, E.M. (2012). Epstein-Barr virus stimulates torque teno virus replication: A possible relationship to multiple sclerosis. PLos One 7(2), e32160. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0032160

Boullerne A. I. (2016). The history of myelin. Experimental neurology, 283(Pt B), 431–445. doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.06.005

Bowman, S.A., Clemens, J.C., Martin, C.L., Anand, J., Steinfeldt, L.C., & Moshfegh, A.J. (2017). Added sugars intake of Americans: What we eat in America, NHANES 2013-2014. Food Surveys Research Group. Dietary Data Brief No. 18.

Brettschneider, J., Tumani, H., Kiechle, U., Muche, R., Richards, G., Lehmensiek, V., Ludolph, A., Otto, M. (2009). IgG Antibodies against Measles, Rubella, and Varicella Zoster Virus Predict Conversion to Multiple Sclerosis in Clinically Isolated Syndrome. PLoS ONE, 4(11), 1-5. 

Burks, J., Devald, B., Jankovsky, L., & Gerdes, J. (1980). Two coronaviruses isolated from central nervous system tissue of two multiple sclerosis patients. Science (New York, N.Y.), 209(4459), 933-4. 

Calabrese, R., Zampieri, M., Mechelli, R., Annibali, V., Guastafierro, T., Ciccarone, F., Coarelli, G., Umeton, R., Salvetti, M., Caiafa, P. (2012). Methylation-dependent PAD2 upregulation in multiple sclerosis peripheral blood. Multiple Sclerosis, 18(3), 299-304. PMID: 21878453. doi:10.1177/1352458511421055

Caprariello, A.V., Rogers, J.A., Morgan, M.L., Hoghooghi, V., Plemel, J.R., Koebel, A., Tsutsui, S., Dunn, J.F., Kotra, L.P., Ousman, S., Wee Yong, V., Stys, P.K. (2018). Biochemically altered myelin triggers autoimmune demyelination. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 115(21), 5528–5533. doi:10.1073/pnas.1721115115

Carvajal-Zarrabal, O., Nolasco-Hipolito, C., Aguilar-Uscanga, M.G., Melo Santiesteban, G., Hayward-Jones, P.M., & Barradas-Dermitz, D.M. (2014). Effect of dietary intake of avocado oil and olive oil on biochemical markers of liver function in sucrose-fed rats. BioMed Res Intern, 2014, 1-8. doi:10.1155/2014/595479

Casiraghi, C., & Horwitz, M. (2013). Epstein-Barr virus and autoimmunity: The role of a latent viral infection in multiple sclerosis and systemic lupus erythematosus pathogenesis. Future Virology, 8(2), 173-182. doi:10.2217/fvl.12.136

Charvet, B., Pierquin, J., Brunel, J., Gorter, R., Quétard, C., Horvat, B., Amor, S., Portoukalian, J., & Hervé Perron, H. (2021). Human Endogenous Retrovirus Type W Envelope from Multiple Sclerosis Demyelinating Lesions Shows Unique Solubility and Antigenic Characteristics. Virologica Sinica 36(1006–1026). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12250-021-00372-0

Chen, J., Chia, N., Kalari, K.R., Yao, J.Z., Novotna, M., Soldan, M.M.P., Luckey, D.H., Marietta, E.V., Jeraldo, P.R., Chen, X., Weinshenker, B.G., Rodriguez, M., Kantarci, O.H., Nelson, H., Murray, J.A., & Mangalam, A.K. (2016). Multiple sclerosis patients have a distinct gut microbiota compared to healthy controls. Scientific Reports, 6(1). PMID: 27346372. PMCID: PMC4921909. doi:10.1038/srep28484

Choi, I.Y., Piccio, L., Childress, P., Bollman, B., Ghosh, A., Brandhorst, S., Suarez, J., Michalsen, A., Cross, A.H., Morgan, T.E., Wei, M., Paul, F., Bock, M., & Longo, V.D. (2016). A diet mimicking fasting promotes regeneration and reduces autoimmunity and multiple sclerosis symptoms. Cell Reports15(10), 2136–2146.  doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2016.05.009

Coico, R., & Sunshine, G. (2015). Immunology: A short course. Seventh Edition. New York: Wiley-Liss & Blackwell. ISBN: 978-1-118-39691-9

Constantinescu, C.S., Farooqi, N., O'Brien, K., & Gran, B. (2011). Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) as model for multiple sclerosis (MS). Brit Jour of Pharm164(4), 1079-1106. doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01302.x

Dalgas, U., & Stenager, E. (2012). Exercise and disease progression in multiple sclerosis: Can exercise slow down the progression of multiple sclerosis? Therapeutic Advance in Neurological Disorders5(2), 81–95. doi:10.1177/1756285611430719

Deckx, N., Lee, W.P., Berneman, Z.N., & Cools, N. (2013). Neuroendocrine immunoregulation in multiple sclerosis. Clinical & Developmental Immunology2013, 1-23. doi:10.1155/2013/705232

Delbue, S., Carluccio, S., & Ferrante, P. (2012). The long and evolving relationship between viruses and multiple sclerosis. Future Virology, 7(9), 871-883. http://dx.doi.org.proxy-iup.klnpa.org/10.2217/fvl.12.78

Dendrou, C.A., Fugger, L., & Friese, M.A. (2015). Immunopathology of multiple sclerosis. Nat Rev Immunology, (15)9, 545-558. doi:10.1038/nri3871

Dessau, R. B., Lisby, G., & Frederiksen, J. L. (2001). Coronaviruses in brain tissue from patients with multiple sclerosis. Acta Neuropathologica, 101(6), 601-604.  

de Weck, A. L. (1998). Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity. Encyclopedia of Immunology (Second Edition), Elsevier, 738-742. ISBN 9780122267659. https://doi.org/10.1006/rwei.1999.0195.

Dobberstein, Linda J. (2018). Multiple Sclerosis and Recent Findings with the Epstein-Barr Virus. Wellness Resources. https://www.wellnessresources.com/news/multiple-sclerosis-and-recent-findings-with-the-epstein-barr-virus-

Döring, A., Pfueller, C. F., Paul, F., & Dörr, J. (2011). Exercise in multiple sclerosis - an integral component of disease management. The EPMA journal3(1), 2. doi:10.1007/s13167-011-0136-4

Dorosty-Motlagh, A.R., Honarvar, N.M, Sedighiyan, M., & Abdolahi, M. (2016). The molecular mechanisms of vitamin A deficiency in multiple sclerosis. Journal of Molecular Neuroscience, 60, 82–90. doi:10.1007/s12031-016-0781-0

Dupuis, N., Curatolo, N., Benoist, J.F. & Auvin, S. (2015), Ketogenic diet exhibits anti‐inflammatory properties. Epilepsia, 56, e95-e98. doi:10.1111/epi.13038

Ehling, R., Di Pauli, F., Lackner, P., Rainer, C., Kraus, V., Hegen, H., Lutterotti, A., Kuenz, B., De Zordo, T., Schocke, M., Glatzl, S., Löscher, W.N., Deisenhammer, F., Reindl, M., & Berger, T. (2015). Impact of glatiramer acetate on paraclinical markers of neuroprotection in multiple sclerosis: A prospective observational clinical trial. Jour of Neuroim, 287, 98-105. doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2015.08.004

Encarnacion, A., Horie, N., Keren-Gill, H., Bliss, T.M., Steinberg, G.K., & Shamloo, M. (2011). Long-term behavioral assessment of function in an experimental model for ischemic stroke. Journal of Neuroscience Methods196(2), 247–257. doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2011.01.010

Engel-Yeger, B., DeLuca, J., Hake, P., & Goverover, Y. (2019). The role of sensory processing difficulties, cognitive impairment, and disease severity in predicting functional behavior among patients with multiple sclerosis. Disability Rehabilitation, 1-8. PMID: 31453721. doi:10.1080/09638288.2019.1653998

Eriksson, J., Kobelt, G., Gannedahl, M., & Berg, J. (2019). Association between disability, cognition, fatigue, EQ-5D-3L domains, and utilities estimated with different western European value sets in patients with multiple sclerosis. Value in Health, (22)2, 231-238. doi:10.1016/j.jval.2018.08.002

Evans, E., Piccio, L., & Cross, A.H. (2018). Use of vitamins and dietary supplements by patients with multiple sclerosis: A review. JAMA Neurology75(8), 1013–1021. doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2018.0611

Falcão, A.M., Meijer, M., Scaglione, A., Rinwa, P., Agirre, E., Liang, J., Larsen, S.C., Heskol, A., Frawley, R., Klingener, M., Varas-Godoy, M., Raposo, A., Ernfors, P., Castro, D.S., Nielsen, M.L., Casaccia, P., & Castelo-Branco, G. (2019). PAD2-mediated citrullination contributes to efficient oligodendrocyte differentiation and myelination. Cell Reports27(4), 1090–1102. doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2019.03.108

Fletcher, J.M., Lalor, S.J., Sweeney, C.M., Tubridy, N., Mills, K.H. (2010). T cells in multiple sclerosis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Clin Exp Immunol, 162(1), 1-11. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2249.2010.04143.x

Fraussen, J., Claes, N., de Bock, L., & Somers, V. (2014). Targets of the autoimmune response in multiple sclerosis. Autoimmunity Reviews, 13(11). doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2014.07.002

Friese, M.A., Montalban, X., Willcox, N., Bell, J.I., Martin, R., & Fugger, L. (2006). The value of animal models for drug development in multiple sclerosis. Brain. 129(Pt 8):1940-52. doi: 10.1093/brain/awl083. Epub 2006 Apr 24. PMID: 16636022.

Gajofatto, A., & Benedetti, M.D. (2015). Treatment strategies for multiple sclerosis: When to start, when to change, when to stop? World Journal of Clinical Cases, 3(7), 545–555. doi:10.12998/wjcc.v3.i7.545

Gasior, M., Rogawski, M. A., & Hartman, A. L. (2006). Neuroprotective and disease-modifying effects of the ketogenic diet. Behavioral Pharmacology17(5-6), 431–439. doi:10.1097/00008877-200609000-00009

Geddes, L. (2012). Virus RNA linked to multiple sclerosis. New Scientist, 213(2846), 15. 

Gentech, Inc. (2019). www.gene.com. © 2015 Genentech USA, Inc. All rights reserved. OCR/030217/0028. https://www.gene.com/stories/the-immune-system-in-multiple-sclerosis

Getts, D.R., Getts, M., Teague, K., Nicholas, J.C., & Miller, S.D. (2014). Infectious triggers of T cell autoimmunity. Chapter 19. The Autoimmune Diseases, 263-274. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-384929-8.00019-8

Gerrard, B., Singh, V., Babenko, O., Gauthier, I., Wee Yong, V., Kovalchuk, I., Luczak, A., & Metz, G.A.S. (2017). Chronic mild stress exacerbates severity of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in association with altered non-coding RNA and metabolic biomarkers. Neuroscience, 359, 299-307. doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.07.033

Gibson, G., Hutkins, R., Sanders, M.E., Prescott, S.L., Reimer, R.A., Salminen, S.J., Scott, K., Stanton, C., Swanson, K.S., Cani, P.D., Verbeke, K., & Reid, G. (2017). Expert consensus document: The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) consensus statement on the definition and scope of prebiotics. Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology, (14)8, 491–502. doi:10.1038/nrgastro.2017.75

Giesser, B.S. (2015). Exercise in the management of persons with multiple sclerosis. Therapeutic Advances in Neurological Disorders8(3), 123–130. doi:10.1177/1756285615576663

Harrer, A., Wipfler, P., Pilz, G., Oppermann, K., Haschke-Becher, E., Afazel, S., & Sellner, J. (2015). Adaptive immune responses in a multiple sclerosis patient with acute varicella-zoster virus reactivation during treatment with fingolimod. Interna Jour of Mol Sci, 16(9), 21832-21845. doi:10.3390/ijms160921832

Hassani, A., Corboy, J.R., Al-Salam, S., & Khan, G. (2018). Epstein-Barr virus is present in the brain of most cases of multiple sclerosis and may engage more than just B cells. PLos One13(2), e0192109. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0192109

Hewagama, A., & Richardson, B. (2009). The genetics and epigenetics of autoimmune diseases. Journal of Autoimmunity33(1), 3-11. doi:10.1016/j.jaut.2009.03.007

Hochstrasser, T., Jiangshan, Z., Rühling, S., Schmitz, C., & Kipp, M. (2018). Do pre-clinical multiple sclerosis models allow us to measure neurodegeneration and clinical progression?  Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, (18)5, 351-353.  doi:10.1080/14737175.2018.1459190

Høglund, R.A., & Maghazachi, A.A. (2014). Multiple sclerosis and the role of immune cells. World Jour of Exp Med4(3), 27-37. doi:10.5493/wjem.v4.i3.27

Hohl, T. M. (2015). Cell-Mediated Defense against Infection. Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases; 50-69.e6. ISBN 9781455748013. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-1-4557-4801-3.00006-0.

Holmøy, T., Løken-Amsrud, K.I., Bakke, S.J., Beiske, A.G., Bjerve, K.S., Hovdal, H., Lilleås, F., Midgard, R., Pedersen, T., Benth, J.S, Torkildsen, O., Wergeland, S., Myhr, K.M., Michelsen, A.E., Aukrust, P., & Ueland, T. (2013). Inflammation markers in multiple sclerosis: CXCL16 reflects and may also predict disease activity. PLos One8(9), e75021. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0075021

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Hovanec, D., & Flanagan, T. (1983). Detection of antibodies to human coronaviruses 229E and OC43 in the sera of multiple sclerosis patients and normal subjects. Infection and Immunity, 41(1), 426-9.

Imitola, J., Chitnis, T., Khoury, S.J. (2006).  Insights Into the Molecular Pathogenesis of Progression in Multiple Sclerosis: Potential Implications for Future Therapies.  Arch Neurol. 2006;63(1):25-33. doi:10.1001/archneur.63.1.25

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Janeway, C.A., Jr., Travers, P., Walport, M., & Capra, J.D. (2001). Immunobiology: The immune system in health and disease. 5th ed. Garland Science. Infectious Agents & How They Cause Disease, (21)4, 201. doi:10.1016/S0167-5699(00)01613-3

Jongen, P.J., Ter Horst, A.T., Brands, A.M. (2012). Cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis.  Minerva Medica, 103(2), 73-96.

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Kennedy, H.S., Jones, C., 3rd, & Caplazi, P. (2013). Comparison of standard laminectomy with an optimized ejection method for the removal of spinal cords from rats and mice. Journal of Histotechnology36(3), 86–91. doi:10.1179/014788813X13756994210382

Khan, A., Kamran, S., Ponirakis, G., Akhtar, N., Khan, R., George, P., & Malik, R. A. (2018). Peripheral neuropathy in patients with multiple sclerosis. PloS one13(3), e0193270. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0193270.  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5841750/

Kjølhede, T., Siemonsen, S., Wenzel, D., Stellmann, J.P., Ringgaard, S., Pedersen, B.G., Stenager, E., Petersen, T., Vissing, K., Heesen, C., Dalgas, U. (2018). Can resistance training impact MRI outcomes in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis? Mult Scler, 24(10), 1356-1365. doi:10.1177/1352458517722645

Kim, D.Y., Hao, J., Liu, R., Turner, G., Shi, F.D., & Rho, J.M. (2012). Inflammation-mediated memory dysfunction and effects of a ketogenic diet in a murine model of multiple sclerosis. PLos One7(5), e35476. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0035476

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Kjølhede, T., Siemonsen, S., Wenzel, D., Stellmann, J.P., Ringgaard, S., Pedersen, B.G., Stenager, E., Petersen, T., Vissing, K., Heesen, C., Dalgas, U. (2018). Can resistance training impact MRI outcomes in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis? Mult Scler, 24(10):1356-1365. doi: 10.1177/1352458517722645. Epub 2017 Jul 28.

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Levy, H., Assaf, Y., & Frenkel, D. (2010). Characterization of brain lesions in a mouse model of progressive multiple sclerosis. Experimental Neurology, 226(1), 148-158. doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2010.08.017

Lichtash, C., Fung, J., Ostoich, K. C., & Ramos, M. (2020). Therapeutic use of intermittent fasting and ketogenic diet as an alternative treatment for type 2 diabetes in a normal weight woman: a 14-month case study. BMJ case reports13(7), e234223. doi:10.1136/bcr-2019-234223

Locri, F., Cammalleri, M., Pini, A., Dal Monte, M., Rusciano, D., & Bagnoli, P. (2018). Further evidence on efficacy of diet supplementation with fatty acids in ocular pathologies: Insights from the EAE model of optic neuritis. Nutrients10(10), 1447. doi:10.3390/nu10101447

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Lundmark, F., Duvefelt, K., Lacobaeus, E., Kockum, I., Wallström, E., Khademi, M., Oturai, A., Ryder, L.P., Saarela, J., Harbo, H.F., Celius, E.G., Salter, H., Olsson, T., & Hillert, J. (2007). Variation in interleukin 7 receptor alpha chain (IL7R) influences risk of multiple sclerosis. Nature Genetics, 39(9), 1108-13. doi:10.1038/ng2106

Mack, C. L., Vanderlugt-Castaneda, C. L., Neville, K. L., & Miller, S. D. (2003). Microglia are activated to become competent antigen presenting and effector cells in the inflammatory environment of the Theiler's virus model of multiple sclerosis. Journal Of Neuroimmunology, 144(1/2), 68. doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2003.08.032

Magno, L.V., Collodetti, M., Tenza-Ferrer, H. & Romano-Silva, M.A. (2019). Cylinder test to assess sensory-motor function in a mouse model of Parkinson’s disease. Bio-protocol, 9(16), e3337. doi:10.21769/BioProtoc.3337

Magno, L.A.V., Tenza-Ferrer, H., Collodetti, M., Aguiar, M.F.G., Rodrigues, A.P.C., da Silva, R.S., Silva, J.D.P., Nicolau, N.F., Rosa, D.V.F., Birbrair, A., Miranda, D.M. & Romano-Silva, M.A. (2019). Optogenetic stimulation of the M2 cortex reverts motor dysfunction in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease.  Journal of Neuroscience, 39(17), 3234-3248. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2277-18.2019

Mayer, E.A. (2011). Gut feelings: The emerging biology of gut-brain communication. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 12(8), 453–466. doi:10.1038/nrn3071

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